Taj Mahal , original name Henry Saint Clair Fredericks (born May 17, 1942, New York, N.Y., U.S.), American singer, guitarist, songwriter, and one of the pioneers of what came to be called world music. He combined blues and other African-American music with Caribbean and West African music and other genres to create a distinctive sound.

Taj Mahal (the name came to him in a dream) grew up in a musical family. His father, of Jamaican background, was a jazz musician and arranger; his mother, a schoolteacher, sang gospel music. While a student at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in the early 1960s, he began exploring the origins of African-American music and focused on acoustic blues. Following graduation, he played in folk clubs until he moved to California in 1965. There he teamed up with Ry Cooder to form the band Rising Sons.

Returning to solo performing, he released his first album, Taj Mahal, in 1968. This and other albums recorded during the next several years—notably Giant Step/De Ole Folks at Home (1969) and Recycling the Blues and Other Related Stuff (1972)—featured blues songs infused with ragtime, reggae, gospel, and other sounds. Mahal typically accompanied himself on a National steel guitar but was also accomplished on a number of other instruments; he would often include electric instruments, tubas, steel drums, and such exotic instruments as the kalimba (thumb piano) on his recordings, often in unexpected combinations.

Mahal remained active into the early 21st century, recording several dozen albums over the course of his career; a major anthology, In Progress & In Motion (1965–1998), was released in 1998. Mahal’s work included scores for motion pictures—notably Sounder (1972) and Sounder II (1976), in which he also had acting roles—and for the play Mule Bone (1991), originally written by Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston in the 1930s. He received Grammy Awards for best contemporary blues album for Señor Blues (1997) and Shoutin’ in Key (2000).