Maxwell Ademeyi

BAD BREATH, known as halitosis, is a common issue that affects many individuals worldwide. While poor oral hygiene is often attributed to bad breath, several underlying medical conditions can also contribute to this unpleasant odour emanating from the mouth.

Sinus infections

and bad breath

Sinus infections, also known as sinusitis, occur when the sinuses become inflamed due to viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. The sinuses are air-filled cavities located behind the forehead, nasal bones, cheeks and eyes. When these cavities become blocked and filled with fluid, bacteria can grow, leading to infection and inflammation.

One common symptom of sinusitis is the production of excessive mucus, which can drip down the back of the throat, leading to postnasal drip. This postnasal drip can contribute to bad breath as the mucus provides an environment conducive to bacterial growth. The bacteria break down the proteins in the mucus, releasing foul-smelling compounds that contribute to halitosis.

The presence of bacteria in the nasal passages or throat can also directly contribute to bad breath. Bacteria produce volatile sulphur compounds as they metabolise proteins and food particles in the mouth and throat, resulting in an unpleasant odour.

Diabetes and halitosis

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by elevated blood sugar levels resulting from insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin utilisation by the body’s cells. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to a variety of complications affecting various organs and systems, including the oral cavity.

One common complication of diabetes is the development of a condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis. This occurs when the body is unable to utilise glucose for energy due to a lack of insulin. In response, the body begins to break down fat stores for energy, leading to the production of ketones as a by-product.

Ketones are acidic compounds that accumulate in the blood and urine, causing a distinctive fruity odour on the breath, known as “acetone breath.” This odour is often described as sweet or fruity and can be a telltale sign of uncontrolled diabetes and diabetic keto acidosis.

Individuals with diabetes may also experience halitosis due to other factors associated with the disease. High blood sugar levels can promote bacterial growth in the mouth, leading to the production of volatile sulfur compounds responsible for malodor.

Furthermore, diabetes compromises the body’s ability to fight infections, including oral infections such as gum disease. The accumulation of plaque and tartar on the teeth and gums provides a breeding ground for bacteria, contributing to bad breath.

Poorly controlled diabetes can also impair saliva production, leading to dry mouth (xerostomia). Saliva plays a crucial role in cleansing the mouth and neutralising acids produced by oral bacteria. In the absence of adequate saliva, bacteria proliferate and the risk of bad breath increases.

Liver and kidney

diseases and halitosis